Important Abbreviations - HSE

ABS	Active Breaking Systems
AC	Alternate Current
ACGIH	American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACOP	Approved Code of Practice
A&E	Accident & Emergency Services
AETR	European Agreement concerning the work of Crews of Vehicles Engaged in International Road Transport
AIDS	Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
APF	Assigned Protection Factor
BBVs	Blood Borne Viruses
BLVs	Biological Limit Values
BMGVs	Biological Monitoring Guidance Values
BOLVs	Biological Occupational Limit Values
BSI	British Standards Institution
CAT	Cable Avoidance Tool
CDM	Construction (Design and Management)
CE	Conformity European
CEN	European Standards
CLP	Classification, Labelling and Packing
CO2	Carbon Dioxide
COP	Code of Practice
COPD	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COSHH	Control of Substance Hazardous to Health
CPR	Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
CTS	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
CNWR	Control of Noise at Work Regulations
DC	Direct Current
DOSH	Department of Occupational Safety and Health
DSE	Display Screen Equipment
EEA	European Economic Area
EFAW	Emergency First‐Aid at Work
EPL	Equipment Protection Level
ESA	European Safety Agency
ETA	Event Tree Analysis
EU	European Union
FAW	First‐Aid at Work
FLT	Forklift Truck
FMEA	Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
FRA	Fire Risk Assessment
FTA	Fault Tree Analysis
GHS	Globally Harmonised System
GNP	Gross National Product
HASAWA	Health and safety at Work etc., Act 1974
HAVS	Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome
HAZOP	Hazard and Operability Studies
HEPA	High-efficiency Particulate Arrester
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSC	Health and Safety Commission
HSE	Health and Safety Executive
HSG	Health and Safety Guidance
ICRP	International Commission of Radiological Protection
IEC	International Electro technical Commission
ILO	International Labour Organisation
ILV	Indicative Limit Values
IOELV	Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Value
ISO	International Standardisation Organisation
IT	Information Technology
KPI	Key Performance Indicator
LEV	Local Exhaust Ventilation
LFS	Labour Force Survey
LGV	Large Goods Vehicle
LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LTEL	Long‐term Exposure Limit
mS	milliSeconds
MEWP	Mobile Elevated Work Platform
MHSWR	Management of Health and Safety at Work 1999
MSDs	Musculoskeletal Disorders
NGO	Non‐Governmental Organisation
NOx	Nitrogen Oxides
NRR	Noise Reduction Rating
OHSAS	Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health
OSH	Occupational Safety and Health
PAT	Portable Appliance Testing
PCV	Passenger Carrying Vehicle
PEL	Permissible Exposure Limits
PNA	Predicted Noise Attenuation
PPE	Personal Protective Equipment
PTS	Permanent Threshold Limit
PTW	Permit-to-work
RCD	Residual Current Device
RCSs	Risk Control System
REACH	Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
RNOAD	Recording and Notification of Occupational Accidents and Disease
RPA	Radiation Protection Adviser
RPE	Respiratory Protective Equipment
Rz	Roughness
SDS	Safety Data Sheets
SLC	Sound Level Conversation
SNR	Single Number Rating
SO2	Sulphur Dioxide
SRV	Slip Resistance Rating
STEL	Short‐term Exposure Limit
SWL	Safe WorkingLoad
TTS	Temporary Threshold Shift
TWA	Time Weighted Average
TLVs	Threshold Limit Values
UNRTDG	UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
UV	Ultraviolet
VWF	Vibration White Finger
WAH	Work at Height Regulations 2005
WBV	Whole Body Vibration
WEL	Workplace Exposure Limit
WHO	World Health Organisation
WRULDs	Work‐related UpperLimb Disorders

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Common Causes of Fire in Businesses

Open Flames

• negligence in conducting hot work, such as welding, cutting or grinding; 
• improper use of candles;
• improper handling of flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases in near-to-potential ignition sources; and
• matches and cigarettes that are improperly disposed of, or left unattended near combustibles.

Electrical

• damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
• use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
• insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and combustibles;
• short or overloaded circuits;
• loose electrical connections; and lighting.

Cooking

• deep frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
• unattended cooking appliances; and
• combustibles located dangerously close to cooking equipment.

Spontaneous Ignition and the Ignition of Waste Materials

• improper disposal of materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion, such as oily rags from wood finishing or polishing;
• accumulation of organic materials, such as green hay, grain or woodchips; and
• accumulation of waste combustible materials near potential sources of ignition.

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Good Housekeeping - Minimise the Risk of Fire in a Workplace

The control of highly combustible materials and sources of ignition must be coupled with high standards of housekeeping to ensure that combustible materials in any form, but particularly waste, do not present a fire risk. This applies to all areas of work since waste materials can accumulate in any circumstances and a build-­up of dust and dirt can easily provide the fuel for fire in the right circumstances. 

The accumulation of process waste, contaminated rags, packing materials and other paper products, and general refuse and dust must be prevented Oily, flammable and combustible rags are particular problems in many workplaces as they are easily ignited and may even ignite spontaneously; they should be placed in metal containers with fitting lids.

Routine Housekeeping should ensure that:

• Waste bins are emptied regularly so that there is no accumulation of combustible materials.
• Cupboards, liftshafts, spaces beneath conveyors, stairs, benches and gratings are regularly cleaned and kept free of litter and rubbish.
• Safe disposal of all waste materials is arranged. “Unofficial” rubbish burning must be banned.

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Fire and Safety Diploma Courses in Chennai

POSHE solutions is a recognized centre for learning internationally accredited course and having branches across globe, we are heading in providing safety education to create a safe workplace.

Globally recognized international safety training course provider POSHE offer Courses - IOSH, NEBOSH Certified Courses, IASP, HABC, BSC - British Safety Council and Govt. of India accredited diploma courses as follows:

• Advanced Diploma in Occupational Safety Health and Environmental Management (ADOSHEM)
• Diploma in Fire Engineering And Safety Management
• Diploma in Offshore Safety
• Diploma in Industrial Safety
• Diploma in Construction Safety
• Diploma in Environmental Safety
• Diploma in Food Safety
• Post Diploma in Fire &Safety Engineerings Techniques
• Diploma in Industrial Environmental Safety
• Diploma in Construction Safety Management
• Diploma in Industrial Safety Engineering

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Sources and forms of Harm

Sources and forms of harm 

The sources and forms of harm are broadly - people, equipment, materials and environment;

People - commit unsafe acts, are infectious or violent

Equipment - Plant, machinery and tools have 4 broad categories of hazard associated with them - mechanical, chemical, electrical and physical.

Materials - can cause harm because they might hazardous to health, combustible, heavy, and cause slips and trips.

Environment - the environment can cause harm due to poor lighting, extremes of temperature, enclosed work space or work at height.

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Warning signs – Chemical labelling and packaging

GHS Hazard Pictograms

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Measuring Exposure in Units - POSHE

The two main units used for measuring airborne concentrations are:

• Parts per million (ppm)
• Milligrams per cubic metre of air (mg/m power of 3, or mg m power of ‐3)

The gaseous state (vapours and gases) is measured in ppm and refers to the number of parts of vapour or gas of a substance in a million parts of air by volume, measured at a standard temperature and pressure (usually 25°C and 760 mm Hg, respectively). Particulate matter in dusts, fumes, etc. is measured in mg/m3, which refers to the milligrams of the substance per cubic metre of air.

One further unit of measurement is used in relation to fibres (such as asbestos). Concentrations of fibres are expressed in:

• Fibres Per Millilitre of air (fibres ml ­power of ‐1)

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Identifying the population at risk - POSHE

A suitable and sufficient risk assessment needs to identify all those that are potentially at risk and how. When considering who is at risk it is important to r all those who may be affected by the activity being assessed, not just those directly involved. Therefore the assessment would need to consider; 

• Employees 
• Maintenance staff 
• Cleaners 
• Contractors, 
• Visitors
• General public 

Within these groups there might be specific groups at risk such as young persons, new or expectant mothers and disabled persons (learning or physical disability) - see later in this section. 

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Accidents in Terms of injury

There are several categories of accidents in terms of injury and these include: 

• Slips/trips/falls
• Falls from height 
• Falling objects 
• Collision with objects 
• Trapping/crushing under or between objects
• Manual handling 
• Contact with machinery/hand tools 
• Electricity 
• Transport 
• Contact with chemicals 
• Asphyxiation/drowning
• Fire and explosion 
• Animals
• Violence - either verbal or physical 

Health hazards 

Risk assessment is not only concerned with injuries in the workplace but also possible occupational health problems. Health hazards fall into four categories; 

• Chemical - paints, solvents, fumes. 
• Biological- bacteria e.g. leptospirosis, viruses. 
• Physical - noise, vibration, radiation. 
• Psychological- occupational stress. 

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Precautions to prevent fires

The following precautions should be taken to prevent fires:

• use less-easily ignited and fewer flammable materials, eg use water-based or low-solvent glues and paint;
• keep the quantity of flammables at the workplace to a minimum;
• always keep and carry flammable liquids in suitable closed containers;
• have an extinguisher to hand when doing hot work such as welding or using a disc cutter that produces sparks;
• check the site at lunch time and at the end of the day to see that all plant and equipment that could cause a fire is turned off. Stop hot working an hour before people go home, as this will allow more time for smouldering fires to be identified; and
• provide closed metal containers to collect rubbish and remove them from the site regularly. Collect highly flammable waste such as solvent-soaked rags separately in closed fire-resisting containers.

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FIRE TETRAHEDRON

There are basic 3 element need to produce fire.

• HEAT
• FUEL
• OXYGEN

if one of component is not presents the fire will not created.

Beside 3 elements there is forth element which is essential for continuation of fire once ignited.this is known as "CHAIN REACTION".

Once fire occurs the burned substunce produce lots of heat which tends to burn remaining fuel substance.this reaction occurs again and again.which is called "chain reaction"

Fire is OXIDATION process which produce heat its is also called EXOTHERMIC reaction..

OXIDATION = EXOTHERMIC R. = PRODUCE HEAT.
REDUCTION = ENDOTHERMIC R. = ABSORB HEAT.

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TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are also known as chemical fire extinguishers or First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances.

These extinguishers are highly useful to prevent a small fire from becoming a big one, provided these are used when the fire is just in its starting stage, say within first five minutes. These are light weight, small in size which can be easily carried by hand.

Larger models of certain types are also available which are known as "engines". These are mounted on trolleys, which can be moved manually or toed to motor vehicles.

• Water Type Extinguishers
• Foam Extinguishers
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
• Halon Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide Extinguishers

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Scaffolding

Scaffolding may be erected using traditional tubes and working platform.

The following terms are used to identify the component parts of a traditional tube and fitting scaffold:

• Standard: upright member.
• Ledger: horizontal member normally in the direction of the larger dimension of the working scaffold.
• Transom: horizontal member normally in the direction of the smaller dimensions of the working scaffold
• Putlog: horizontal member, flattened on one end, spanning from a ledger to sit in the pointing of brickwork.
• Raker: an inclined load-­bearing member used to support a cantilevered working platform.
• Façade bracing: bracing parallel to the façade of the building
• Ledger Bracing: Bracing perpendicular to the face of the building.
• Eyebolt: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Through Tie: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Reveal Tie: means of securing scaffold to the building.
• Base plate: plate used for spreading the load in a standard over a greater area; a base jack is a base plate with a means of vertical adjustment.
• Sole Board: a timber plank positioned beneath two or more base plates to distribute the scaffold load more evenly over the ground.
• Coupler: device used to connect two tubes.
• Platform: one or more platform units in one level within a bay.
• Bay: the distance between pairs of standards.
• Lift: a storey.

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Biological Hazard - Biological Agents

Biological agents are micro – organisms such as:

Fungi

Moulds, yeast and mushrooms mostly harmless to human but some can cause disease such as athlete’s foot and farmer’s lung, both fungal infections.

Bacteria

Single celled organisms that are found in vast numbers in and on the human body. Some are beneficial while others can cause disease such as legionnaires, leptospirosis etc.,

Viruses

Very small infections organisms that reproduction on living cells of human body. Example – Hepatitis

Possible routes of Entry for a Biological Agent

The possible routes of entry for a biological agent into the body would be 

inhalation – airborne micro-organisms, 

absorption through the skin, injection for example through cut and grazes, exchange of body fluids, and 

ingestion – contaminated food.

Control Measures to Reduce Risk of Exposure to Biological Agent

• In order to reduce the risk of infection from biological organisms we can adopt a number of control Measures such as cleaning and disinfecting
• The use of personal protective equipment like respiratory protection, aprons and gloves
• Engineering controls such as containment for example in glove boxes, can also be provided with local exhaust ventilation and the use of microbiological safety cabinets
• The introduction of procedures for the disposal of waste
• The prohibition of eating or drinking in the work area
• Vermin control
• Procedures for site monitoring and health surveillance
• Immunization and a good standard of personal hygiene.

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Evacuation (Emergency) Plan

Following completion of the fire risk assessment, an emergency plan should be devised; the plan should include the following:

• Action on discovery of fire
• Action on hearing alarm.
• Details of the fire warning system.
• Details of the evacuation process.
• Means of escape -­ travel distances.
• Location of assembly points.
• Identification of escape routes -­ signs, emergency lighting.
• Details of fire-­fighting equipment.
• Specific Staff duties
• Safe Evacuation of people who need assistance to escape.
• Safe working practices in high risk areas.
• Procedures for calling Fire Service.
• Staff training needs and arrangements for providing training.

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Use and Storage of Flammable and Combustible Materials:

All materials which present a risk of fire or explosion must be stored, transported and used correctly. This applies to solids (such as magnesium), liquids (such as petroleum and its derivatives, paints, solvents, etc.) and gases (such as hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), oxygen).

In use and when being handled in any way, flammable and combustible materials must be treated with great caution. Staff must be aware of the potential dangers for each type of material and the conditions under which they may ignite, and should be trained in the correct procedures to be applied. The containers used for flammable materials should be marked.

Storage areas for flammable and combustible materials should be:

• Detached, secure, single-­storey, ventilated buildings of non-­combustible constructions, used for no other purpose.
• Separate from other parts of the premises.
• Accessible to fire fighters.
• Large enough to allow clear spaces to be maintained around stacks of materials.
• Large enough so that sprinkler systems are not obstructed by stacking up the stored materials too high; there should be a space of at least 0.6 metre below sprinkler heads.

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