Common Causes of Fire in Businesses

Open Flames

• negligence in conducting hot work, such as welding, cutting or grinding; 
• improper use of candles;
• improper handling of flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases in near-to-potential ignition sources; and
• matches and cigarettes that are improperly disposed of, or left unattended near combustibles.

Electrical

• damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
• use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
• insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and combustibles;
• short or overloaded circuits;
• loose electrical connections; and lighting.

Cooking

• deep frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
• unattended cooking appliances; and
• combustibles located dangerously close to cooking equipment.

Spontaneous Ignition and the Ignition of Waste Materials

• improper disposal of materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion, such as oily rags from wood finishing or polishing;
• accumulation of organic materials, such as green hay, grain or woodchips; and
• accumulation of waste combustible materials near potential sources of ignition.

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Tips For Fire Safety

Space Heaters Need Space
Keep portable and space heaters at least 3 feet from anything that may burn. Never leave heaters on when you leave home or go to sleep. Children and pets should always be kept away from them.

Smokers Need To Be Extra Careful
Never smoke in bed or when you are sleepy. Carelessly discarded cigarettes are a leading cause of fire deaths in the United States.

Be Careful Cooking
Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles and wear short or tight-fitting sleeves when you cook. Keep the handles of your pots turned inward so they do not over-hang the stove. If grease catches fire, carefully slide a lid over the pan and smother the flames, then turn off the burner.

Matches and Lighters are Dangerous
In the hands of a child, matches and lighters can be deadly! Store them where kids can't reach them, preferably in a locked area. Teach children that matches and lighters are "tools" and should only be used by adults.

Use Electricity Safely
If an appliance smokes or has an unusual smell, unplug it immediately and have it repaired. Replace frayed or cracked electrical cords and don't overload extension cords. They should not be run under rugs. Never tamper with the fuse box or use the improper size fuse.

Cool a Burn
If someone gets burned, immediately place the wound under cool water for 10 to 15 minutes. If the burn blisters or chars, see a doctor immediately!

Be Careful of Halogen Lights
If you have halogen lights, make sure they are away from flammable drapes and low ceiling areas. Never leave them on when you leave your home or office.
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Causes of accidents - Environmental factors

We now have information on what types of accidents happen, but not why they occur.

There are three groups of factors that contribute to accidents:

• Environmental
• Human
• Occupational

Any accident report and investigation should identify which factors were the cause.

Environmental factors

Concerned with the workplace and the conditions of the workplace which affect the employee.

Organisation of the workplace

The layout of the workplace including access, transport, space, overcrowding, cleanliness and waste

disposal, housekeeping, cleaning schedule.

Environmental stressors

Temperature, ventilation, humidity, lighting, noise. These can be associated closely with occupational factors, e.g. physical.

Welfare

Washing facilities, toilets, drinking water, amenity areas, accommodation for clothes, changing rooms, rest and meal facilities.

Structural

Slips, trips and falls, staircases, falls from a height, doors, gates, windows, roads, floors, and traffic routes.

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Extinguish Fire - Fire Safety

How do you extinguish fires?

This involves the elimination of one side of the fire triangle.
Starvation - remove the fuel, e.g. turn off the gas supply, drag burning pallets away from the fire.

Smothering - remove the oxygen supply or adding inert gas (without oxygen) to the burning mixture, e.g. fire blanket onto a pan, or using a foam extinguisher. Main risk is that the fire may reignite when foam (wet chemical used for fat fryers) or blanket is removed as heat will still be present.

Carbon dioxide is commonly used in extinguishers and nitrogen is used in the petrochemical industry. Smothering is only effective when the source of oxygen is air. It is ineffective when the substance that is burning contains oxygen.

Cooling - commonest, cheapest and most effective method. For example,water sprayed onto a fire, will cause the temperature to be lowered. The steam produced acts as a blanket to smother reducing the potential for further ignition. Dry powder extinguishers rapidly absorb the heat and also smother.

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FIRE TETRAHEDRON

There are basic 3 element need to produce fire.

• HEAT
• FUEL
• OXYGEN

if one of component is not presents the fire will not created.

Beside 3 elements there is forth element which is essential for continuation of fire once ignited.this is known as "CHAIN REACTION".

Once fire occurs the burned substunce produce lots of heat which tends to burn remaining fuel substance.this reaction occurs again and again.which is called "chain reaction"

Fire is OXIDATION process which produce heat its is also called EXOTHERMIC reaction..

OXIDATION = EXOTHERMIC R. = PRODUCE HEAT.
REDUCTION = ENDOTHERMIC R. = ABSORB HEAT.

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Fire Risk Assessment

The Fire Risk Assessment is a important method for avoiding fire in the working environment. 

It enables employers to identify and protect staff against any known flame dangers, by creating powerful techniques - for example plotting how to store and utilize such materials securely.

A number of steps must be followed to conduct a Fire Risk Assessment: 

Step 1: Recognize the fire hazards, distinguish sources of ignition, fuel and oxygen.

Step 2: Identify the people at danger. This includes any individual who is in or around the premises, for example, employees, contractors, visitors,customers, and others.

Care must be taken to distinguish individuals who are at specific danger - for children, youngsters, the elderly or anybody with an inability.

Step 3: Evaluate, evacuate or decrease and secure those at danger. Assess the danger of a fire and the risk to people from fire.

Evacuate or decrease hazards and the danger. Protect by giving fire precautions,

equipment and by procedures.

Step 4: Record, arrange, advise and prepare. 

Record the significant findings and the activity that has been taken. Talk about and offer the findings with others. Develop an emergency arrangement in the case of a flame. Inform relevant people and provide training.

Step 5: Review the fire risk assessment regularly.

Review your fire risk assessment plan regularly to ensure it remains relevant and up-to-date. Update and change your arrangement if required.

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FIRE PREVENTION - SMOKE ALARM

FIRE PREVENTION - SMOKE ALARM

Having a warning device within the house cuts your risk of dying in an exceedingly fireplace in 0.5. virtually hour of all fatal residential fires occur in homes that do not have smoke alarms, thus this could be the only most significant factor you'll do to stay your family safe from fires.

If your home does not have smoke alarms, now could be the time to put in them on each level of your home and in every bedchamber. If potential, select one with a 10-year Li battery. If your warning device uses regular batteries, bear in mind to interchange them once a year (hint: modification your batteries after you modification your clock back from daylight-saving time Time within the fall). check your smoke alarms monthly, and take care your youngsters aware of the sound of the alarm.

Because smoke rises, smoke detectors should be placed on ceilings or high on walls. If a smoke detector close to the room explodes whereas you are cookery, don't take the battery out of it — you'll forget to interchange it. Open the doors and windows instead. otherwise you may take into account putting in a rate-of-rise heat detector for places just like the room, wherever smoke or steam from cookery ar doubtless to cause false alarms. These alarms will sense once the temperature reaches a group juncture or once it rises by over a precise variety of degrees a moment.

If you are having a replacement home engineered or transforming associate degree older home, you'll need to contemplate adding a home system. These already found in several housing buildings and dormitories. CO alarms can also be rescue.

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PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR

Working Principle of PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR

1. Photoelectric Smoke Detector, there is a LED inside the smoke detector that sends beam of light travels in a straight line across the chamber, there is a photosensor on the other side that detects the presence of light.

2. When there is a fire with smoke, the smoke particles enters into the detector and interrupts the light beam, scattering the direction of the light beam. The scattered light beam hits the sensor and activates the alarm.

There is a battery in the smoke alarm, it automatically activates a low battery chirping to warn low battery, and its time to replace the battery.  The chirping sound is different from the smoke alarm sound.

Some smoke alarm contains both optical and ionization smoke detection design. 

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Learn About Fire Safety - FIRE PREVENTION

• Try not to leave electrical machines unattended
• Switch off electric machines after use and remove the socket. It is fire safe practice. 
• Try not to over-burden electrical circuit; it may cause short circuit and a fire
• Don't keep electric wiring hanging, secure appropriately. 
• Try not to utilize light the in the event of force disappointment. Client battery worked tourches. 
• Smoke just in the Smoking Zone, use non-flammable ashtrays for storing lit smoking material 
• Use ashtray while Smoking 
• Keep matches, saltines, lighters far from the kids. 
• Try not to permit kids to play with fireworks. 

• Do not light fire works near the structures . 
• Close the windows and openings appropriately to counteract entrance of lit flying saltines. 
• Try not to leave lit oil lights, agarbattis or candles on the floor or close ignitable material. Put them off before resigning to bed. 
• Do not store scrap/combustible material in and around the building; dispose it regularly.
• Keep L.P.G. Stove/Segree/Burner on raised non-ignitable stage. 
• Turn off both the L.P.G. gas barrel valve and burner handle of the gas segree/cooking extent and so on when not being used in the wake of cooking. 
• Ventilate the whole room if L.P.G. chamber is spilling and don't switch on/off any of the electric switches the room in . Supplant L.P.G. supply tube intermittently or as and when prompted by Mechanic. 
• In the event that L.P.G. barrel is spilling 

                - Close the principle barrel valve.
                - Ventilate the whole room.
                - Do not work electric switch.

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