Common Causes of Fire in Businesses

Open Flames

• negligence in conducting hot work, such as welding, cutting or grinding; 
• improper use of candles;
• improper handling of flammable or combustible liquids or flammable gases in near-to-potential ignition sources; and
• matches and cigarettes that are improperly disposed of, or left unattended near combustibles.

Electrical

• damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
• use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
• insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and combustibles;
• short or overloaded circuits;
• loose electrical connections; and lighting.

Cooking

• deep frying in pots or pans on stove tops;
• unattended cooking appliances; and
• combustibles located dangerously close to cooking equipment.

Spontaneous Ignition and the Ignition of Waste Materials

• improper disposal of materials susceptible to spontaneous combustion, such as oily rags from wood finishing or polishing;
• accumulation of organic materials, such as green hay, grain or woodchips; and
• accumulation of waste combustible materials near potential sources of ignition.

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Tips For Fire Safety

Space Heaters Need Space
Keep portable and space heaters at least 3 feet from anything that may burn. Never leave heaters on when you leave home or go to sleep. Children and pets should always be kept away from them.

Smokers Need To Be Extra Careful
Never smoke in bed or when you are sleepy. Carelessly discarded cigarettes are a leading cause of fire deaths in the United States.

Be Careful Cooking
Keep cooking areas clear of combustibles and wear short or tight-fitting sleeves when you cook. Keep the handles of your pots turned inward so they do not over-hang the stove. If grease catches fire, carefully slide a lid over the pan and smother the flames, then turn off the burner.

Matches and Lighters are Dangerous
In the hands of a child, matches and lighters can be deadly! Store them where kids can't reach them, preferably in a locked area. Teach children that matches and lighters are "tools" and should only be used by adults.

Use Electricity Safely
If an appliance smokes or has an unusual smell, unplug it immediately and have it repaired. Replace frayed or cracked electrical cords and don't overload extension cords. They should not be run under rugs. Never tamper with the fuse box or use the improper size fuse.

Cool a Burn
If someone gets burned, immediately place the wound under cool water for 10 to 15 minutes. If the burn blisters or chars, see a doctor immediately!

Be Careful of Halogen Lights
If you have halogen lights, make sure they are away from flammable drapes and low ceiling areas. Never leave them on when you leave your home or office.
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Sources and forms of Harm

Sources and forms of harm 

The sources and forms of harm are broadly - people, equipment, materials and environment;

People - commit unsafe acts, are infectious or violent

Equipment - Plant, machinery and tools have 4 broad categories of hazard associated with them - mechanical, chemical, electrical and physical.

Materials - can cause harm because they might hazardous to health, combustible, heavy, and cause slips and trips.

Environment - the environment can cause harm due to poor lighting, extremes of temperature, enclosed work space or work at height.

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Accidents in Terms of injury

There are several categories of accidents in terms of injury and these include: 

• Slips/trips/falls
• Falls from height 
• Falling objects 
• Collision with objects 
• Trapping/crushing under or between objects
• Manual handling 
• Contact with machinery/hand tools 
• Electricity 
• Transport 
• Contact with chemicals 
• Asphyxiation/drowning
• Fire and explosion 
• Animals
• Violence - either verbal or physical 

Health hazards 

Risk assessment is not only concerned with injuries in the workplace but also possible occupational health problems. Health hazards fall into four categories; 

• Chemical - paints, solvents, fumes. 
• Biological- bacteria e.g. leptospirosis, viruses. 
• Physical - noise, vibration, radiation. 
• Psychological- occupational stress. 

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Precautions to prevent fires

The following precautions should be taken to prevent fires:

• use less-easily ignited and fewer flammable materials, eg use water-based or low-solvent glues and paint;
• keep the quantity of flammables at the workplace to a minimum;
• always keep and carry flammable liquids in suitable closed containers;
• have an extinguisher to hand when doing hot work such as welding or using a disc cutter that produces sparks;
• check the site at lunch time and at the end of the day to see that all plant and equipment that could cause a fire is turned off. Stop hot working an hour before people go home, as this will allow more time for smouldering fires to be identified; and
• provide closed metal containers to collect rubbish and remove them from the site regularly. Collect highly flammable waste such as solvent-soaked rags separately in closed fire-resisting containers.

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TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Portable fire extinguishers are also known as chemical fire extinguishers or First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances.

These extinguishers are highly useful to prevent a small fire from becoming a big one, provided these are used when the fire is just in its starting stage, say within first five minutes. These are light weight, small in size which can be easily carried by hand.

Larger models of certain types are also available which are known as "engines". These are mounted on trolleys, which can be moved manually or toed to motor vehicles.

• Water Type Extinguishers
• Foam Extinguishers
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
• Halon Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide Extinguishers

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Fire Risk Assessment

The Fire Risk Assessment is a important method for avoiding fire in the working environment. 

It enables employers to identify and protect staff against any known flame dangers, by creating powerful techniques - for example plotting how to store and utilize such materials securely.

A number of steps must be followed to conduct a Fire Risk Assessment: 

Step 1: Recognize the fire hazards, distinguish sources of ignition, fuel and oxygen.

Step 2: Identify the people at danger. This includes any individual who is in or around the premises, for example, employees, contractors, visitors,customers, and others.

Care must be taken to distinguish individuals who are at specific danger - for children, youngsters, the elderly or anybody with an inability.

Step 3: Evaluate, evacuate or decrease and secure those at danger. Assess the danger of a fire and the risk to people from fire.

Evacuate or decrease hazards and the danger. Protect by giving fire precautions,

equipment and by procedures.

Step 4: Record, arrange, advise and prepare. 

Record the significant findings and the activity that has been taken. Talk about and offer the findings with others. Develop an emergency arrangement in the case of a flame. Inform relevant people and provide training.

Step 5: Review the fire risk assessment regularly.

Review your fire risk assessment plan regularly to ensure it remains relevant and up-to-date. Update and change your arrangement if required.

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Use and Storage of Flammable and Combustible Materials:

All materials which present a risk of fire or explosion must be stored, transported and used correctly. This applies to solids (such as magnesium), liquids (such as petroleum and its derivatives, paints, solvents, etc.) and gases (such as hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), oxygen).

In use and when being handled in any way, flammable and combustible materials must be treated with great caution. Staff must be aware of the potential dangers for each type of material and the conditions under which they may ignite, and should be trained in the correct procedures to be applied. The containers used for flammable materials should be marked.

Storage areas for flammable and combustible materials should be:

• Detached, secure, single-­storey, ventilated buildings of non-­combustible constructions, used for no other purpose.
• Separate from other parts of the premises.
• Accessible to fire fighters.
• Large enough to allow clear spaces to be maintained around stacks of materials.
• Large enough so that sprinkler systems are not obstructed by stacking up the stored materials too high; there should be a space of at least 0.6 metre below sprinkler heads.

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• Diploma in Fire Engineering And Safety Management
• Diploma in Offshore Safety
• Diploma in Industrial Safety
• Diploma in Construction Safety
• Diploma in Environmental Safety
• Diploma in Food Safety
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Fire Prevention in your Workplace: Recovering Fire Safety Actions

Flames can create huge destruction in the workplace. In the event that it's not too bad, it causes minor injuries or none at all. If it's a significant one, it results in serious injuries and even deaths.

In reality, it's impossible to completely be rid of fire hazards in your work-site. But that's not to talk about that you won't be able to do a number of things to control these hazards.

Fire prevention in your workplace consists of following steps:

1. Put a program that includes preparation, prevention, and reputation of fire hazards.
2. Ensure you practice proper handling of combustible and flammable materials.
3. Keep safe housekeeping practices that reduce the risk of fire danger.
4. Always maintain enough fire suppression equipment in your work area to extinguish fire before it goes out of control.

GENERAL SAFETY MEASURES

• Never store combustible materials inside of 10 feet of a building or other structure. 
• Consistently discard ignitable debris and scrap from your work range. 
• Stack and heap all materials in systematic and stable heaps. 
• Continuously perform assessment systems before performing operations that present flame risks like welding.
• Never heap or lay material in a way that it covers or squares access to firefighting gear. 
• Make an intermittent clean-up of whole work site and hold grass and weeds under control.
• Utilize just approved containers and tanks for capacity, taking care of, and transport of burnable and combustible fluid. 
• Make a point to utilize just affirmed compartments for the partition and transfer of ignitable cannot. Keep in mind to dependably supplant the cover.
• Never let superfluous burnable materials get aggregated in any piece of your work area.

FIRE EQUIPMENT SAFETY MEASURES

Fire extinguishers are ordinarily utilized as flame concealment equipment. You may likewise add fire hoses to your crisis box/glass in the work environment. Here are rules you should follow in utilizing fire gear:

• Prohibit smoking at or around work ranges where fire risks are available. Set up signs, saying NO SMOKING or OPEN FLAMES. 
• Place a satisfactory number of firefighting gear on display in your work regions. Whenever suitable, mark the area of every one and ensure it is appropriately evaluated.
• Post reporting guidelines and neighborhood Fire Department codes on information sheets, common areas, and ranges close to the telephone.
• Investigate and keep up firefighting gear consistently. 
• Design an alert framework that comprises of both visual and perceptible signs (bells, sirens, whistles, blinking lights).
• Give representatives proper training in fire prevention and protection.

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FIRE PREVENTION - SMOKE ALARM

FIRE PREVENTION - SMOKE ALARM

Having a warning device within the house cuts your risk of dying in an exceedingly fireplace in 0.5. virtually hour of all fatal residential fires occur in homes that do not have smoke alarms, thus this could be the only most significant factor you'll do to stay your family safe from fires.

If your home does not have smoke alarms, now could be the time to put in them on each level of your home and in every bedchamber. If potential, select one with a 10-year Li battery. If your warning device uses regular batteries, bear in mind to interchange them once a year (hint: modification your batteries after you modification your clock back from daylight-saving time Time within the fall). check your smoke alarms monthly, and take care your youngsters aware of the sound of the alarm.

Because smoke rises, smoke detectors should be placed on ceilings or high on walls. If a smoke detector close to the room explodes whereas you are cookery, don't take the battery out of it — you'll forget to interchange it. Open the doors and windows instead. otherwise you may take into account putting in a rate-of-rise heat detector for places just like the room, wherever smoke or steam from cookery ar doubtless to cause false alarms. These alarms will sense once the temperature reaches a group juncture or once it rises by over a precise variety of degrees a moment.

If you are having a replacement home engineered or transforming associate degree older home, you'll need to contemplate adding a home system. These already found in several housing buildings and dormitories. CO alarms can also be rescue.

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PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR

Working Principle of PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR

1. Photoelectric Smoke Detector, there is a LED inside the smoke detector that sends beam of light travels in a straight line across the chamber, there is a photosensor on the other side that detects the presence of light.

2. When there is a fire with smoke, the smoke particles enters into the detector and interrupts the light beam, scattering the direction of the light beam. The scattered light beam hits the sensor and activates the alarm.

There is a battery in the smoke alarm, it automatically activates a low battery chirping to warn low battery, and its time to replace the battery.  The chirping sound is different from the smoke alarm sound.

Some smoke alarm contains both optical and ionization smoke detection design. 

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